Skip to main content
Practical manual for Income Tax 2021.

List of countries and territories classified as tax havens in Royal Decree 1080/1991, of July 5

Attention: Until the countries or territories that are considered non-cooperative jurisdictions are determined by Ministerial Order, such consideration will be given to the countries or territories provided for in Royal Decree 1080/1991, of July 5, which determines the countries or territories that are considered tax havens.

(1) Royal Decree 1080/1991, of July 5, BOE of the 13th, modified by Royal Decree 116/2003, of January 31, BOE of February 1st

  1. Principality of Andorra (7)
  2. Netherlands Antilles (6)
  3. Aruba (6)
  4. Emirate of the State of Bahrain
  5. Sultanate of Brunei
  6. Republic of Cyprus (14)
  7. United Arab Emirates (2)
  8. Gibraltar
  9. Hong Kong (12)
  10. Eel
  11. Old and bearded
  12. The Bahamas (9)
  13. Barbados (eleven)
  14. Bermuda
  15. Cayman Islands
  16. Cook Islands
  17. Republic of Dominica
  18. Granada
  19. Fiji
  20. Guernsey and Jersey (Channel Islands)
  21. Jamaica (3)
  22. Republic of Malta (4)
  23. Falkland Islands
  24. Isle of Man
  25. Mariana Islands
  26. Mauricio
  27. Montserrat
  28. Republic of Nauru
  29. Solomon Islands
  30. St. Vincent and the Grenadines
  31. St. Lucia
  32. Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (5)
  33. Turks and Caicos Islands
  34. Republic of Vanuatu
  35. British Virgin Islands
  36. United States Virgin Islands
  37. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
  38. Lebanese Republic
  39. Republic of Liberia
  40. Principality of Liechtenstein
  41. Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, in respect of income received by companies referred to in paragraph 1 of the Protocol annexed to the Convention for the avoidance of double taxation of 3 June 1986.
  42. Macau
  43. Principality of Monaco
  44. Sultanate of Oman (fifteen)
  45. Republic of Panama (8)
  46. Republic of San Marino (10)
  47. Republic of Seychelles
  48. Republic of Singapore (13)

Notes to the list:

(1) Royal Decree 1080/1991, of July 5, determining the countries or territories referred to in articles 2, section 3, number 4, of Law 17/1991, of May 27, on Urgent Fiscal Measures, and 62 of Law 31/1990, of December 27, on the General State Budget for 1991.  (Back)

(2) With effect from 02-04-2007, the date of entry into force of the respective agreements to avoid double taxation ( BOE of 23-01-2007), the United Arab Emirates are no longer considered a tax haven. (Back)

(3) With effect from 16-05-2009, the date of entry into force of the respective agreement to avoid double taxation ( BOE of
12-05-2009), Jamaica is no longer considered a tax haven. (Back)

(4) With effect from 12-09-2006, the date of entry into force of the respective agreement to avoid double taxation ( BOE of 07-09-2006), Malta is no longer considered a tax haven. (Back)

(5) With effect from 28-12-2009, the date of entry into force of the respective agreement to avoid double taxation ( BOE of 08-12-2009), the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is no longer considered a tax haven. (Back)

(6) With effect from 27-01-2010, the date of entry into force of the respective information exchange agreements ( BOE of 24-11-2009), the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba are no longer considered tax havens. The Netherlands Antilles ceased to exist as such on 10-11-2010. From that date, Saint Martin and Curaçao have the same status as Aruba (they are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, but enjoy independence), while the rest of the islands of the former Netherlands Antilles (Saba, Saint Eustatius and Bonaire) have become part of the Netherlands. The Agreement signed with the Netherlands Antilles applies to Saint Martin and Curaçao, while the other three islands are subject to the DTA with the Netherlands. For this reason, none of the islands are currently considered tax havens. (Back)

(7) With effect from 10-02-2011, the date of entry into force of the agreement on the exchange of information on tax matters ( BOE of 23-11-2010), the Principality of Andorra is no longer considered a tax haven. On 07-12-2015 the Agreement between the Kingdom of Spain and the Principality of Andorra to avoid double taxation in matters of income taxes and prevent tax evasion and its Protocol, made "Ad Referendum" in Andorra la Vella on January 8 2015, which comes into force on February 26, 2016, was published in the ##1## BOE ##1##. (Back)

(8) With effect from 25-07-2011, the date of entry into force of the agreement to avoid double taxation ( BOE of 04-07-2011), the Republic of Panama is no longer considered a tax haven. (Back)

(9) With effect from 17-08-2011, the date of entry into force of the information exchange agreement ( BOE of 15-07-2011), The Bahamas is no longer considered a tax haven. (Back)

(10) With effect from 02-08-2011, the date of entry into force of the information exchange agreement ( BOE of 06-06-2011), the Republic of San Marino is no longer considered a tax haven. (Back)

(eleven) With effect from 14-10-2011, the date of entry into force of the agreement to avoid double taxation ( BOE of 14-09-2011), Barbados is no longer considered a tax haven. (Back)

(12) With effect from 01-04-2013, the date of entry into force of the agreement to avoid double taxation ( BOE of 14-04-2012), Hong Kong (China) is no longer considered a tax haven. (Back)

(13) With effect from 01-01-2013, the date of entry into force of the agreement to avoid double taxation ( BOE of 11-01-2012), the Republic of Singapore is no longer considered a tax haven. (Back)

(14) With effect from 28-05-2014, the date of entry into force of the agreement to avoid double taxation ( BOE of 26-05-2014), the Republic of Cyprus is no longer considered a tax haven. (Back)

(fifteen) With effect from 19-9-2015, the date of entry into force of the agreement to avoid double taxation ( BOE of 08-09-2015), the Sultanate of Oman is no longer considered a tax haven. (Back)